Gas discharge lamps come in various types, but they all share a similar basic structure. Each lamp consists of a glass bulb, two electrodes, and a specific type of gas inside the bulb. A vacuum seal connects the bulb to the electrodes, ensuring that the internal gas remains contained. These lamps cannot operate directly on a standard power supply; instead, they require additional components such as a ballast or a starter to initiate and regulate the discharge process.
When starting, a gas discharge lamp needs a voltage much higher than the normal operating voltage—often reaching several thousand volts or even tens of thousands of volts. This high voltage is typically achieved using a transformer or a starter device. Once the arc is established, the lamp's voltage tends to drop as the current increases, which is known as a negative volt-ampere characteristic. If this were not controlled, the lamp could easily overheat or be damaged due to excessive current flow.
To prevent this, a ballast is used in series with the lamp. The ballast serves to limit the current and stabilize the operation of the lamp. Depending on the power source, different types of ballasts can be used. For direct current (DC) systems, a resistor is often used as a ballast. In low-frequency alternating current (AC) applications, an inductor is preferred. For high-frequency AC, a capacitor may be used as a ballast. Each type of ballast has its own advantages and is chosen based on the specific requirements of the lamp and the power system it is connected to.
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