Gas discharge lamps come in various types, but they all share a similar basic structure. Each lamp consists of a glass bulb, two electrodes, and a specific type of gas inside. A vacuum seal connects the bulb to the electrodes, ensuring that the internal gas remains contained. These lamps cannot operate directly on a standard power supply. Instead, they require an auxiliary device such as a ballast or a starter to initiate and regulate the discharge process.
To start the lamp, a much higher voltage than the normal supply is needed—often reaching several thousand volts or even tens of thousands of volts. This high voltage can be achieved using a step-up transformer or a starter circuit. Once the arc is established, the lamp's behavior changes. The arc discharge typically has a negative volt-ampere characteristic, meaning that as current increases, the voltage across the lamp decreases. Without proper control, this could lead to excessive current flow and damage the lamp or other components in the circuit.
This is why a ballast is essential. It is connected in series with the lamp to limit the current and stabilize its operation. Ballasts can take different forms depending on the power source. For DC systems, a resistor is commonly used as a ballast. In low-frequency AC applications, an inductor serves as the ballast. For high-frequency systems, a capacitor may be used instead. Each type of ballast helps maintain stable and safe operation of the gas discharge lamp.
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