Strawberry Verticillium wilt is a serious fungal disease that can lead to the complete death of a plant, causing significant economic losses for growers. Timely pesticide application, strong prevention measures, and prompt removal of infected plants are crucial to prevent the spread of the disease. According to the Chinese Pesticide Network, understanding the disease's occurrence patterns and effective control methods is essential for managing this threat.
Verticillium wilt is caused by the fungus *Trichoderma* (not *Trichosporon*, which is a different genus). Infected strawberry plants show symptoms such as yellow-green, twisted, boat-shaped new leaves with a rough and dull surface. In some cases, one or two of the leaflets become smaller and deformed. These malformed leaves often appear on one side of the plant, creating a "half-body wilting" appearance. As the disease progresses, lower leaves turn yellow-brown, while upper leaves begin to dry from the edges, eventually leading to the death of the entire plant. When the roots, petioles, and fruit stalks are cut open, browning of the vascular bundles is visible. The root system becomes reduced, turning dark brown and sometimes rotting, though the central core remains unaffected. Unlike other types of strawberry wilt, Verticillium wilt does not occur during high summer temperatures, and the heart leaves are not typically yellowed or deformed.
The pathogen overwinters in the soil as mycelium, chlamydospores, or sclerotia, surviving for up to 6–8 years. Contaminated soil is the primary source of infection. Under favorable conditions, the pathogen spreads through infected mother plants, water, soil, and farming tools. It enters the plant through root wounds or directly through the epidermis and root hairs, colonizing the vascular system and spreading throughout the plant, causing systemic damage and eventual death. The fungus thrives in warm, humid conditions—ideal temperatures range from 25°C to 28°C with humidity between 60% and 85%. The disease typically appears in the middle to late stages of nursery, transplanting, and early planting.
This is a persistent, soil-borne disease that is difficult to control. Poor soil drainage, excessive moisture or drought, continuous cropping, overuse of nitrogen fertilizers, or damage from wireworms can all contribute to severe outbreaks.
To manage Verticillium wilt, several strategies can be employed:
1. Implement crop rotation with strawberries and rice to avoid continuous cropping.
2. Use disease-resistant varieties such as Zhang Ji and Hong Qiao.
3. Remove and burn infected plants immediately to prevent further spread.
4. Apply chemical treatments: before planting, disinfect the soil using 80% chloropicrin or solarization. After planting, drip irrigation with a 0.2% benomyl WP solution has proven effective. In the early stages, a 10% anti-wilt agent diluted 80 times can also be used.
By combining cultural, biological, and chemical methods, growers can significantly reduce the risk of Verticillium wilt and protect their strawberry crops.
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