The core mechanism of a planetary gear reducer consists of three main components: the sun gear, the planet gears, and the ring gear. Due to its compact and efficient design, a single-stage planetary reducer typically has a minimum reduction ratio of 3 and can go up to a maximum of 10, depending on the application. Common reduction ratios include 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10. Most planetary gearboxes have no more than three stages, but custom designs can sometimes feature four or even more stages for higher reduction ratios. Compared to other types of reducers, planetary gearboxes offer several advantages. They provide high rigidity, excellent precision (with a single stage accuracy of less than 1 arc minute), and high transmission efficiency—often reaching 97% to 98% in a single stage. Additionally, they offer a high torque-to-volume ratio, making them ideal for space-constrained applications. These reducers are also known for their long service life and low maintenance requirements. Planetary reducers are commonly used with stepper and servo motors to reduce rotational speed, increase torque, and match the inertia between the motor and the load. The rated input speed can be as high as 18,000 rpm, although this varies depending on the size of the unit. Larger reducers generally have lower maximum input speeds. In industrial applications, the output torque of a standard planetary reducer is usually below 2000 Nm, while specialized high-torque models can exceed 10,000 Nm. These units operate within a typical temperature range of -25°C to 100°C, and their performance can be adjusted by changing the lubricating grease. Planetary gearboxes are widely used in automation, robotics, and precision machinery due to their reliability, compact design, and high performance.
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