In recent years, incidents of unregulated outdoor adventures—often referred to as "wild travel" or "backpacking"—have raised concerns in China. At the end of last year, a group of 18 Fudan University students got into trouble in Huangshan, and a local police officer, Zhang Ninghai, lost his life while trying to rescue them. More recently, five hikers became stranded in Guangxi’s Qianjiadong area after getting lost, and it took a coordinated effort to bring them to safety. These events have sparked public anxiety about the risks associated with adventure sports. In contrast, outdoor activities in Europe and the United States have been more regulated and organized for much longer, with well-established rescue systems in place.
In many Western countries, mountaineering has long been seen as an admired form of adventure. Since the 1920s and 1930s, as more people attempted high-altitude climbs, the need for organized rescues became apparent. This led to the formation of specialized organizations. For example, in 1948, the International Alpine Relief Organization (ICAR) was founded by experienced rescuers from Austria, France, Germany, and Switzerland. The U.S. followed suit in 1959 with the establishment of the American Alpine Rescue Association, which is now one of the most important organizations in the field of outdoor emergency response.
These organizations rely heavily on trained volunteers who work closely with local authorities, including police, fire departments, and medical services. Members of the association are professionally trained and certified, and they often receive government support. In the U.S., each state has its own branch of the rescue association, with multiple centers operating under local police supervision. When a distress call is received, at least 10 volunteers are typically dispatched. The government provides office space, equipment, and tax benefits to these organizations, and employers are required to support employees who participate in rescue missions without reducing their salaries.
The cost of such rescues is largely covered by the government, similar to how police and firefighting services are funded. However, some states have introduced regulations that allow for partial reimbursement in certain cases, especially when the person in danger was negligent or violated rules. Additionally, insurance plays a key role in covering rescue costs. Many climbers are required to purchase specific insurance policies before heading out, so that if an accident occurs, the insurance company covers the expenses.
Despite the strong rescue infrastructure, adventurers in the West are still expected to act responsibly. Outdoor clubs often have strict membership requirements and provide training to ensure participants are prepared for the challenges they may face. In many European and American countries, permits are required for activities like hiking, climbing, and skiing. This helps manage visitor numbers and protect natural environments, while also improving safety. If someone enters restricted areas or violates park rules, they may not only be responsible for their own rescue costs but could also face hefty fines. In some cases, if the situation is too dangerous, rescuers may choose not to intervene.
At Denali National Park in Alaska, for instance, there are frequent incidents of climbers in trouble. Park officials emphasize that their primary responsibility is to protect their own staff, and in extreme cases, they may not carry out a rescue. As one park ranger said: “We don’t guarantee rescue here. Our slogan is: Your danger is not necessarily our danger.†This reflects a broader philosophy in many Western countries: while rescue systems are well-developed, individuals must take responsibility for their own actions and safety.
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