In recent years, incidents of "wild travel" or backpacking have increasingly drawn attention in China. At the end of last year, a group of 18 Fudan University students got into trouble in Huangshan, and local police officer Zhang Ninghai lost his life while trying to rescue them. Just a few days ago, five donkeys were trapped in the Qianjiadong tourist area in Guangxi after getting lost. After an extensive search and rescue, they were finally saved. These events have raised concerns about the safety of outdoor adventure activities. In contrast, outdoor adventure sports in Europe and the United States have been well-established for decades, with mature rescue systems in place.
In many Western countries, mountaineering has long been considered a respected form of adventure. Starting in the 1920s and 1930s, as more people attempted high-altitude climbs, accidents became more frequent. This led to the development of organized rescue efforts. By 1948, the International Alpine Relief Organization (ICAR) was established by the Austrian Mountaineering Association, bringing together experienced rescuers from Austria, France, Germany, and Switzerland. The U.S. followed suit in 1959 by forming the American Alpine Rescue Association, which is now one of the most important organizations in the field of adventure rescue.
These rescue organizations are primarily staffed by trained volunteers who work closely with law enforcement, fire departments, and medical services. In the U.S., every state has a branch of the association, with several rescue centers under each. These centers operate under the supervision of local police stations and share the same emergency number—911. When a distress call comes in, at least 10 trained volunteers are dispatched to the scene. The government supports these operations through various policies, including providing office space, tax exemptions on equipment, and ensuring that volunteers’ employers support their participation without salary deductions.
The cost of wild rescues is typically covered by the government, similar to police and firefighting services. However, some states have introduced laws allowing for partial charges if the person in danger was responsible for their own situation due to negligence or rule-breaking. Additionally, insurance plays a key role in covering rescue costs. Many climbers are required to purchase insurance before heading out, so that rescue expenses can be covered by the insurance company if an accident occurs.
Outdoor activities in many European and American countries are also tightly regulated. Climbing, hiking, skiing, and other adventures often require permits to ensure environmental protection and visitor safety. Unauthorized entry into restricted areas can lead to fines and even refusal of rescue if the situation is too dangerous. For example, at Denali National Park in Alaska, park officials prioritize their own safety and may choose not to rescue someone if the operation poses a significant risk. As one park ranger said: “Your danger is not necessarily our danger.â€
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