Electric power transmission can be categorized into alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) systems based on the type of current used. In the 1880s, the first practical implementation of DC transmission was achieved, marking a significant step in electrical engineering. However, due to technological limitations at the time, it was difficult to increase the voltage of DC transmission, which restricted its transmission capacity and efficiency. As a result, by the end of the 19th century, AC transmission gradually replaced DC as the dominant method.
The success of AC transmission revolutionized the way electricity was distributed and paved the way for widespread electrification in the 20th century. Three-phase AC systems operating at standard frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz became the most common form of power transmission globally. These systems offered greater efficiency, easier voltage transformation, and better scalability compared to DC.
However, the development of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology in the 1960s brought a new dimension to power transmission. Unlike traditional AC systems, HVDC could transmit large amounts of power over long distances with lower losses. This led to the emergence of hybrid AC-DC power systems, combining the strengths of both technologies. Today, AC-DC hybrid systems are widely used in modern power grids to improve stability, efficiency, and control over long-distance power transmission.
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