The main group causing aplastic anemia in the chemical structure of chloramphenicol is a bacterial disease on the aromatic ring for animals such as fish, cattle, pigs and the like. Florfenicol is a new-generation broad-spectrum antibiotic for chloramphenicol. It has the characteristics of broad spectrum of antibacterial absorption, good absorption, wide distribution in the body, safety and high efficiency, and has significant effects on the treatment of bacterial diseases caused by sensitive bacteria.
I. Antibacterial properties of florfenicol
Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug for chloramphenicol. Its antibacterial activity is higher than that of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol, especially for some bacteria resistant to chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. High antibacterial activity. Its antibacterial properties are as follows:
1. It has an extremely broad antibacterial spectrum and has a strong killing effect on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is anaerobic Gram-positive and negative spirochetes, Rickettsia, Amoeba, etc. Has a strong antibacterial effect.
2. In vitro and in vivo tests show that its antibacterial activity is significantly better than current antibacterial drugs, such as: chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, oxytetracycline, tetracycline and ampicillin, and currently widely used quinolones.
3. Quick-acting, flufenicol intramuscular injection can reach the therapeutic concentration in 1 hour, and the peak concentration can be reached in 1.5~3 hours; long-acting, effective blood concentration can be maintained for more than 20 hours.
4. The therapeutic effect of the blood-brain barrier on animal bacterial meningitis is not comparable to other antibacterial drugs.
5. Use non-toxic side effects according to the recommended amount, overcome the risk of aplastic anemia caused by chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol and other toxicities, will not cause harm to animals and food, and be used for the whole body caused by bacteria. Treatment of infections at various sites, including bacterial respiratory diseases, meningitis, pleurisy, mastitis, intestinal infections and postpartum syndromes in livestock; bacterial respiratory diseases in poultry, cholera, Pasteurella and other intestinal tracts Infection, etc.; infections caused by Pasteurella, Vibrio, Staphylococcus aureus, and other Gram-negative bacteria in aquatic animals.
Second, the research progress of florfenicol preparations
The florfenicol preparation has three dosage forms: an injection, a powder, and a drinking agent. The main florfenicol preparations marketed are injections.
Third, the route of administration and dosage
Different doses and time of administration should be used for different routes of administration, for different purposes (treatment or prevention).
Mixed feeding: When the disease is prevented, it is suitable to add 30~50mg╱kg of feed, and it can be used for 5-7 days for up to 2 weeks. When treating diseases, add 60-100mg ╱kg of feed for 5-7 days. Under special circumstances, some experts recommend that the maximum dose of 400mg ╱kg feed can be used for up to 3 days. Domestic reports: florfenicol uses 10 to 20 times the recommended amount, which can also ensure the safety of humans and animals. It is worth noting that mixed feeding should pay special attention to the mixing uniformity. Especially the users who use the original powder should follow the principle of prescription medication. The amount of pharmaceutical feed should be calculated according to factors such as pig size, feed intake, and days of medication. Accurately weigh the required drugs, add a small amount of carrier, dilute multiple times, stir repeatedly, then add to the batch feed and mix evenly to ensure the drug is fully diffused and evenly distributed. After the drug and feed are well prepared, they should be clearly marked, stored separately, and supervised by a special person to ensure safety and effectiveness. Mix or mix drinks, cattle, sheep, pigs, 200kg per 100g of this product or 400kg of water; dogs, poultry, 200kg per 100g of this product or 400Kg of water. The concentration of fish bait is 200-300kg per 100g of this product mix, twice a day, for 3 to 5 days.
Injection administration: The muscle or subcutaneous injection of the animal neck is administered at a dose of 20 mg ╱kg body weight (based on the active ingredient, the same below) once every 48 hours for 2 times. Under normal circumstances should not exceed 2 times. Each injection site should not exceed 10ml; it should not be used in large doses; it should not be diluted with normal saline or water for injection.
Medicated bath: aquatic animals such as fish and shrimp, splashed in the whole pool, adding 0.5-1mg (net content) per 1L of water for 2 days, 3 times for 1 course of treatment.
Fourth, the use of florfenicol considerations
1. This product is not suitable for macrolides (such as tylosin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, tilmicosin, guitarmycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, etc.), lincosamides (such as Combination of lincomycin, clindamycin and biguanide semi-synthetic antibiotics - tiamulin (Tuanyuanjing) can produce antagonism when used together.
2. This product can not be combined with β-lactone amines (such as penicillins, cephalosporins) and fluoroquinolones (such as enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, etc.). It is a fast-acting bacteriostatic agent that inhibits the synthesis of bacterial proteins, and the latter is a fast-acting fungicide in the breeding season. Under the former effect, bacterial protein synthesis is rapidly inhibited, and the bacteria stop growing and multiplying, and the bactericidal action of the latter is weakened. Therefore, when the treatment needs to play a rapid bactericidal effect, it cannot be used together.
3. This product can not be mixed with sulfadiazine sodium intramuscular injection. When taking it orally or intramuscularly, avoid using it with a basic drug to avoid decomposition failure. It is also not suitable to be intravenously injected with tetracycline hydrochloride, kanamycin, adenosine triphosphate, and coenzyme A to avoid precipitation and reduction.
4. Muscle degeneration and necrosis may occur after intramuscular injection. Therefore, the neck and hip deep muscles may be alternately injected, and it is not appropriate to repeat the injection in the same part.
5. Because this product may have embryotoxicity, use caution in pregnant and lactating livestock. Poultry is banned during laying.
6. When the body temperature of the sick pig is high, it can be used together with antipyretic analgesics and dexamethasone, and the effect is better.
7. For the treatment of porcine infectious pleuropneumonia in the early stage of the disease, because the diseased pigs have better appetite conditions, the use of mixed feeding, can increase the amount of addition, florfenicol can be added per t feed. The price is 100g, (preferably with 200g of doxycycline), continuous use for 7 days, then the dose is halved, and then continue to use for 2 weeks, with good results.
8. In the prevention and treatment of porcine respiratory syndrome (PRDC), it is recommended that florfenicol and amoxicillin, florfenicol and tylosin, florfenicol and tiamulin are combined. Because from a pharmacological point of view, the two cannot be combined. However, florfenicol can be combined with tetracyclines such as doxycycline.
9. This product has hematological toxicity, although it does not cause irreversible bone marrow aplastic anemia, but it causes reversible erythropoiesis inhibition is more common than chloramphenicol. Animals with severe vaccination or severe immune function are banned.
10. This product has a strong immunosuppressive effect, about 6 times stronger than chloramphenicol.
11. Long-term use may cause digestive disorders and vitamin deficiency or double infection symptoms.
12. In the prevention and treatment of swine diseases, care should be taken to be administered according to the prescribed dose and course of treatment, and should not be abused to avoid adverse consequences.
13. Renal insufficiency The animal should reduce or prolong the interval between doses.
14. When the drinking water is administered, pay attention to the concentration. During the treatment, only the drinking water containing the medicine is used as the only water source for the livestock.
15. If the temperature is low, it is found that the dissolution rate is slower; or the prepared solution is precipitated with florfenicol, and only a little warming (not exceeding 45 °C) can be dissolved quickly. The solution is preferably used up within 48 hours. It is very safe to use the appropriate dosage form and refer to the recommended addition amount as described above. Individual animals may experience a brief loss of appetite, reduced drinking water or diarrhea, slight pain in the intramuscular site and mild tissue reactions, which are normal and return to normal after stopping the drug.
16. This product is an animal-specific drug that does not form a drug resistance with humans. Used within the therapeutic dose, no toxic side effects. No harm to the environment. The US FDA stipulates that the withdrawal period is 28 days. The relevant regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture of China: 30 days for livestock and poultry; 10 days for broilers; 7 days for aquatic products; pigs of different ages and weights can be used, but fattening pigs are best not used, and can not be used for a long time to avoid drug residues.
Brass Gate Valve,Water Pressure Control Valve,Forged Brass Gate Valve
Yuhuan Jiaodu Valve Co., Ltd. , http://www.tz-valve.com